A Palace for a King
Henry Kamen
Philip IV, Velázquez, and the Buen Retiro, the culture of Spain's great crisis century.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1628–1658
Charles I of England
England
1625–1649
Louis XIV of France
France
1643–1665
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1648–1665
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1658–1665
Jahangir I
Mughal Empire
1621–1627
Charles II of England
England
1660–1665
James VI and I
England
1621–1625
Kangxi Emperor
China
1661–1665
Louis XIII of France
France
1621–1643
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1623–1651
Charles I of England
Scotland
1625–1649
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1637–1657
Oliver Cromwell
England
1653–1658
Murad IV
Ottoman Empire
1623–1640
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1661
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1623–1644
Philip IV of Spain
Portugal
1621–1640
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1632–1654
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1621–1637
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1640–1656
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1627–1644
Empress Meishō
Japan
1629–1643
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1651–1665
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1662
Ibrahim I
Ottoman Empire
1640–1648
Hong Taiji
China
1636–1643
Tianqi Emperor
China
1621–1627
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
Japan
1643–1654
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1658–1665
Pope Innocent X
Papacy
1644–1655
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1655–1665
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Japan
1621–1629
Afonso VI of Portugal
Portugal
1656–1665
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Sweden
1621–1632
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Philip IV of Spain's life and times.
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