The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1655–1667
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1655–1667
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1658–1667
Charles II of England
England
1660–1667
Kangxi Emperor
China
1661–1667
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1655–1667
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1655–1658
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1655–1665
Afonso VI of Portugal
Portugal
1656–1667
Charles II of Spain
Spain
1665–1667
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1658–1667
Emperor Go-Sai
Japan
1655–1663
Oliver Cromwell
England
1655–1658
Charles II of England
Scotland
1660–1667
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1655–1661
Yongli Emperor
China
1655–1662
Charles XI of Sweden
Sweden
1660–1667
Richard Cromwell
England
1658–1659
Emperor Reigen
Japan
1663–1667
Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Sweden
1655–1660
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1655–1657
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1655–1656
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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