Recommended read
A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire
A. R. Disney
Afonso VI, regency, deposition, and the politics of the restored monarchy.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1643–1715
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1648–1687
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1658–1707
Charles II of England
England
1660–1685
Kangxi Emperor
China
1661–1722
Charles II of Spain
Spain
1665–1700
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1658–1705
Charles II of England
Scotland
1660–1685
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1651–1680
Charles XI of Sweden
Sweden
1660–1697
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1628–1658
Emperor Reigen
Japan
1663–1687
Oliver Cromwell
England
1653–1658
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1621–1665
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1655–1667
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1661
Emperor Go-Sai
Japan
1655–1663
Pope Innocent XI
Papacy
1676–1689
Pope Clement X
Papacy
1670–1676
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1662
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Japan (Shogunate)
1680–1709
Pope Clement IX
Papacy
1667–1669
Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Sweden
1654–1660
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Go deeper on Afonso VI of Portugal
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.
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