The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1644–1655
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1644–1655
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1648–1655
Charles I of England
England
1644–1649
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1644–1655
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1655
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1644–1655
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
Japan
1644–1654
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1644–1655
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1644–1654
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1655
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1644–1651
Ibrahim I
Ottoman Empire
1644–1648
Oliver Cromwell
England
1653–1655
Charles I of England
Scotland
1644–1649
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1651–1655
Longwu Emperor
China
1645–1646
Hongguang Emperor
China
1644–1645
Li Zijing
China
1645–1646
Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Sweden
1654–1655
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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