A Palace for a King
Henry Kamen
Philip IV, Velázquez, and the Buen Retiro, the culture of Spain's great crisis century.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Charles I of England
England
1625–1640
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1628–1640
Louis XIII of France
France
1621–1640
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1621–1640
Jahangir I
Mughal Empire
1621–1627
Murad IV
Ottoman Empire
1623–1640
James VI and I
England
1621–1625
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1623–1640
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1621–1637
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1623–1640
Charles I of England
Scotland
1625–1640
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1627–1640
Empress Meishō
Japan
1629–1640
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Sweden
1621–1632
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Japan
1621–1629
Tianqi Emperor
China
1621–1627
Hong Taiji
China
1636–1640
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1632–1640
James VI and I
Scotland
1621–1625
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1637–1640
Mustafa I
Ottoman Empire
1622–1623
Osman II
Ottoman Empire
1621–1622
Pope Gregory XV
Papacy
1621–1623
Tokugawa Hidetada
Japan (Shogunate)
1621–1623
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Philip IV of Spain's life and times.
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