A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire
A. R. Disney
John IV, the Braganza restoration and the long war for independence from Spain.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1640–1656
Louis XIV of France
France
1643–1656
Charles I of England
England
1640–1649
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1648–1656
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1640–1656
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1640–1656
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1656
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1640–1654
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
Japan
1643–1654
Pope Innocent X
Papacy
1644–1655
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1640–1651
Ibrahim I
Ottoman Empire
1640–1648
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1656
Oliver Cromwell
England
1653–1656
Charles I of England
Scotland
1640–1649
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1651–1656
Louis XIII of France
France
1640–1643
Hong Taiji
China
1640–1643
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1640–1644
Empress Meishō
Japan
1640–1643
Longwu Emperor
China
1645–1646
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1640–1644
Li Zicheng
China
1644–1645
Hongguang Emperor
China
1644–1645
Emperor Go-Sai
Japan
1655–1656
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1655–1656
Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Sweden
1654–1656
Li Zijing
China
1645–1646
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on John IV of Portugal's life and times.
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