Recommended read
Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire
Peter H. Wilson
The standard modern history of the empire and its emperors, from Charlemagne to Napoleon.
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
- Life
- 1608–1657
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1628–1658
Louis XIV of France
France
1643–1715
Charles I of England
England
1625–1649
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1648–1687
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1621–1665
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1640–1656
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1632–1654
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1661
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1623–1651
Charles I of England
Scotland
1625–1649
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
Japan
1643–1654
Ibrahim I
Ottoman Empire
1640–1648
Oliver Cromwell
England
1653–1658
Pope Innocent X
Papacy
1644–1655
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1662
Louis XIII of France
France
1610–1617; 1617–1643
Hong Taiji
China
1636–1643
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1623–1644
Empress Meishō
Japan
1629–1643
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1651–1680
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1627–1644
Murad IV
Ottoman Empire
1623–1640
Longwu Emperor
China
1645–1646
Li Zicheng
China
1644–1645
Hongguang Emperor
China
1644–1645
Philip IV of Spain
Portugal
1621–1640
Emperor Go-Sai
Japan
1655–1663
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1655–1667
Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Sweden
1654–1660
Li Zijing
China
1645–1646
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Go deeper on Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.
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