Recommended read
Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 1632–1718
Michael Roberts
Roberts's classic, the Lion of the North, Thirty Years' War, and Sweden's brief great-power moment.
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
- Life
- 1594–1632
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Jahangir I
Mughal Empire
1605–1627
James VI and I
England
1603–1625
Charles I of England
England
1625–1649
Ahmed I
Ottoman Empire
1603–1617
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1628–1658
Louis XIII of France
France
1610–1617; 1617–1643
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Japan
1611–1629
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1619–1637
James VI and I
Scotland
1587–1625
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1621–1665
Philip III of Spain
Spain
1598–1621
Murad IV
Ottoman Empire
1623–1640
Tokugawa Hidetada
Japan (Shogunate)
1605–1623
Philip IV of Spain
Portugal
1621–1640
Wanli Emperor
China
1572–1620
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1623–1651
Tianqi Emperor
China
1620–1627
Philip III of Spain
Portugal
1598–1621
Pope Paul V
Papacy
1605–1621
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1623–1644
Charles I of England
Scotland
1625–1649
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1612–1619
Osman II
Ottoman Empire
1618–1622
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1627–1644
Mustafa I
Ottoman Empire
1617–1618; 1622–1623
Empress Meishō
Japan
1629–1643
Pope Gregory XV
Papacy
1621–1623
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Go deeper on Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.
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