Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 1632–1718
Michael Roberts
Roberts's classic, the Lion of the North, Thirty Years' War, and Sweden's brief great-power moment.
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
- Life
- 1594–1632
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Jahangir I
Mughal Empire
1611–1627
James VI and I
England
1611–1625
Charles I of England
England
1625–1632
Ahmed I
Ottoman Empire
1611–1617
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1628–1632
Louis XIII of France
France
1617–1632
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Japan
1611–1629
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1619–1632
James VI and I
Scotland
1611–1625
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1621–1632
Philip III of Spain
Spain
1611–1621
Murad IV
Ottoman Empire
1623–1632
Tokugawa Hidetada
Japan (Shogunate)
1611–1623
Philip IV of Spain
Portugal
1621–1632
Wanli Emperor
China
1611–1620
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1623–1632
Tianqi Emperor
China
1620–1627
Philip III of Spain
Portugal
1611–1621
Pope Paul V
Papacy
1611–1621
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1623–1632
Charles I of England
Scotland
1625–1632
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1612–1619
Osman II
Ottoman Empire
1618–1622
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1627–1632
Mustafa I
Ottoman Empire
1622–1623
Empress Meishō
Japan
1629–1632
Pope Gregory XV
Papacy
1621–1623
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden's life and times.
The Northern Wars, 1558–1721
Robert I. Frost
Frost places Gustavus Adolphus in the Baltic struggle that reshaped early modern northern Europe.
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