The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1643–1654
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1643–1654
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1648–1654
Charles I of England
England
1643–1649
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1643–1654
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1643–1654
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1654
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1643–1654
Pope Innocent X
Papacy
1644–1654
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1643–1654
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1654
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1643–1651
Ibrahim I
Ottoman Empire
1643–1648
Charles I of England
Scotland
1643–1649
Oliver Cromwell
England
1653–1654
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1651–1654
Longwu Emperor
China
1645–1646
Li Zicheng
China
1644–1645
Hongguang Emperor
China
1644–1645
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1643–1644
Li Zijing
China
1645–1646
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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