Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
Caroline Finkel
Ibrahim the Mad, court intrigue and the crisis that preceded Köprülü reform.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Charles I of England
England
1640–1648
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1640–1648
Louis XIV of France
France
1643–1648
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1640–1648
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1640–1648
Charles I of England
Scotland
1640–1648
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1640–1648
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1640–1648
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1640–1648
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
Japan
1643–1648
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1648
Hong Taiji
China
1640–1643
Louis XIII of France
France
1640–1643
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1640–1644
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1640–1644
Empress Meishō
Japan
1640–1643
Pope Innocent X
Papacy
1644–1648
Longwu Emperor
China
1645–1646
Li Zicheng
China
1644–1645
Hongguang Emperor
China
1644–1645
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1648
Philip IV of Spain
Portugal
1640–1640
Li Zijing
China
1645–1646
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Ibrahim I's life and times.
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