Charles II
Antonia Fraser
Fraser's celebrated biography of the Merry Monarch, restoration politics at their most colourful.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1660–1685
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1660–1685
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1660–1685
Kangxi Emperor
China
1661–1685
Charles II of Spain
Spain
1665–1685
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1660–1685
Charles II of England
Scotland
1660–1685
Afonso VI of Portugal
Portugal
1660–1683
Charles XI of Sweden
Sweden
1660–1685
Emperor Reigen
Japan
1663–1685
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1660–1680
Pope Innocent XI
Papacy
1676–1685
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1660–1665
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1660–1667
Pope Clement X
Papacy
1670–1676
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Japan (Shogunate)
1680–1685
Emperor Go-Sai
Japan
1660–1663
Pope Clement IX
Papacy
1667–1669
Peter II of Portugal
Portugal
1683–1685
Yongli Emperor
China
1660–1662
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Charles II of England's life and times.
Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms
Clare Jackson
Jackson's prize-winning study of the 1660 settlement and the king who made it work.
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