The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1655–1663
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1655–1663
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1658–1663
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1655–1658
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1655–1663
Charles II of England
England
1660–1663
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1655–1663
Kangxi Emperor
China
1661–1663
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1655–1663
Yongli Emperor
China
1655–1662
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1655–1661
Oliver Cromwell
England
1655–1658
Afonso VI of Portugal
Portugal
1656–1663
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1658–1663
Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Sweden
1655–1660
Richard Cromwell
England
1658–1659
Charles II of England
Scotland
1660–1663
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1655–1657
Charles XI of Sweden
Sweden
1660–1663
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1655–1656
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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