The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1644–1645
Charles I of England
England
1644–1645
Shah Jahan
Mughal Empire
1644–1645
Ibrahim I
Ottoman Empire
1644–1645
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1644–1645
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1644–1645
Charles I of England
Scotland
1644–1645
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
Japan
1644–1645
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1644–1645
John IV of Portugal
Portugal
1644–1645
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Sweden
1644–1645
Hongguang Emperor
China
1644–1645
Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1644–1644
Chongzhen Emperor
China
1644–1644
Shunzhi Emperor
China
1644–1645
Pope Innocent X
Papacy
1644–1645
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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