Metternich: The First European
Alan Palmer
Francis I's long reign frames Palmer's classic on Metternich and the Congress-system order after Napoleon.
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
- Life
- 1768–1835
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Francis I of Austria
Austria
1804–1835
Frederick William III of Prussia
Prussia
1804–1835
Alexander I of Russia
Russia
1804–1825
Louis XVIII of France
France
1815–1824
William I of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1815–1835
Akbar Shah II
Mughal Empire
1806–1835
Nicholas I of Russia
Russia
1825–1835
Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1804–1835
Mahmud II
Ottoman Empire
1808–1835
Selim III
Ottoman Empire
1804–1807
Isabella II of Spain
Spain
1833–1835
Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spain
1814–1833
Maria II of Portugal
Portugal
1826–1828
Jiaqing Emperor
China
1804–1820
Pope Pius VII
Papacy
1804–1823
Daoguang Emperor
China
1820–1835
Emperor Ninkō
Japan
1817–1835
Charles XIV John of Sweden
Sweden
1818–1835
Napoleon I
France
1804–1814
George IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1820–1830
Emperor Kōkaku
Japan
1804–1817
Maria I of Portugal
Portugal
1804–1816
Charles X of France
France
1824–1830
John VI of Portugal
Portugal
1816–1826
Joseph Bonaparte
Spain
1808–1813
William IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1830–1835
Charles IV of Spain
Spain
1804–1808
Charles XIII of Sweden
Sweden
1809–1818
Shah Alam II
Mughal Empire
1804–1806
Miguel I of Portugal
Portugal
1828–1834
Pope Leo XII
Papacy
1823–1829
Mustafa IV
Ottoman Empire
1807–1808
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1804–1806
Pope Gregory XVI
Papacy
1831–1835
Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
Sweden
1804–1809
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor's life and times.
The Habsburg Empire: A New History
Pieter M. Judson
Judson rethinks the empire Francis ruled, dynastic survival, nationalism, and conservative reaction.
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