
Recommended read
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
Christopher Clark
Jena, Tilsit, and reform, how Prussia survived Napoleon's crushing victories.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Francis I of Austria
Austria
1804–1835

Alexander I of Russia
Russia
1801–1825

Louis XVIII of France
France
1814–1815; 1815–1824

William I of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1815–1840

Nicholas I of Russia
Russia
1825–1855

Selim III
Ottoman Empire
1789–1807

Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1787–1837

Isabella II of Spain
Spain
1833–1868

Akbar Shah II
Mughal Empire
1806–1837

Mahmud II
Ottoman Empire
1808–1839

George III of Great Britain
Great Britain
1760–1801

Paul I of Russia
Russia
1796–1801

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria
1804–1835

Ferdinand I of Austria
Austria
1835–1848

Maria II of Portugal
Portugal
1826–1828; 1834–1853

Jiaqing Emperor
China
1796–1820

Daoguang Emperor
China
1820–1850

Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spain
1808–1808; 1814–1833

Emperor Ninkō
Japan
1817–1846

Pope Pius VII
Papacy
1800–1823

Emperor Kōkaku
Japan
1779–1817

Charles XIV John of Sweden
Sweden
1818–1844

Maria I of Portugal
Portugal
1777–1816

Napoleon I
France
1799–1804; 1804–1814; 1815–1815

Charles IV of Spain
Spain
1788–1808; 1808–1808

George IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1820–1830

Shah Alam II
Mughal Empire
1760–1788; 1788–1806

Charles X of France
France
1824–1830

William IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1830–1837

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1792–1806

Joseph Bonaparte
Spain
1808–1813

John VI of Portugal
Portugal
1816–1826

Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
Sweden
1792–1809

Pope Gregory XVI
Papacy
1831–1846

Bahadur Shah Zafar
Mughal Empire
1837–1857
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.

Recommended read
Christopher Clark
Jena, Tilsit, and reform, how Prussia survived Napoleon's crushing victories.
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