
A History of Scandinavia
T. K. Derry
Bernadotte's dynasty begins, Napoleon, Norway, and Sweden's nineteenth-century realignment.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Francis I of Austria
Austria
1818–1835

Frederick William III of Prussia
Prussia
1818–1840

William I of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1818–1840

Nicholas I of Russia
Russia
1825–1844

Louis XVIII of France
France
1818–1824

Isabella II of Spain
Spain
1833–1844

Daoguang Emperor
China
1820–1844

Emperor Ninkō
Japan
1818–1844

Ferdinand I of Austria
Austria
1835–1844

Alexander I of Russia
Russia
1818–1825

Maria II of Portugal
Portugal
1834–1844

Mahmud II
Ottoman Empire
1818–1839

Akbar Shah II
Mughal Empire
1818–1837

Frederick William IV of Prussia
Prussia
1840–1844

Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1818–1837

Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spain
1818–1833

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria
1818–1835

William II of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1840–1844

George IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1820–1830

Pope Gregory XVI
Papacy
1831–1844

William IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1830–1837

Charles X of France
France
1824–1830

Victoria
Great Britain
1837–1844

Bahadur Shah Zafar
Mughal Empire
1837–1844

Abdülmecid I
Ottoman Empire
1839–1844

John VI of Portugal
Portugal
1818–1826
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Japan (Shogunate)
1837–1844

Miguel I of Portugal
Portugal
1828–1834

Jiaqing Emperor
China
1818–1820

Pope Pius VII
Papacy
1818–1823

Pope Leo XII
Papacy
1823–1829

Pope Pius VIII
Papacy
1829–1830
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Charles XIV John of Sweden's life and times.

T. K. Derry
Bernadotte's dynasty begins, Napoleon, Norway, and Sweden's nineteenth-century realignment.
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