
Recommended read
A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire
A. R. Disney
Maria I's long reign, Brazil, mental illness, and the court's flight before Napoleon's invasion.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

George III of Great Britain
Great Britain
1760–1801

Francis I of Austria
Austria
1804–1835

Catherine II of Russia
Russia
1762–1796

Selim III
Ottoman Empire
1789–1807

Frederick William III of Prussia
Prussia
1797–1840

Alexander I of Russia
Russia
1801–1825

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1765–1790

Emperor Kōkaku
Japan
1779–1817

Frederick William II of Prussia
Prussia
1786–1797

Frederick II of Prussia
Prussia
1740–1786

Paul I of Russia
Russia
1796–1801

Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1787–1837

Jiaqing Emperor
China
1796–1820

Qianlong Emperor
China
1735–1796

Charles IV of Spain
Spain
1788–1808; 1808–1808

Shah Alam II
Mughal Empire
1760–1788; 1788–1806

Pope Pius VI
Papacy
1775–1799

Louis XVI of France
France
1774–1791

Abdul Hamid I
Ottoman Empire
1774–1789

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1792–1806

Napoleon I
France
1799–1804; 1804–1814; 1815–1815

Charles III of Spain
Spain
1759–1788

Pope Pius VII
Papacy
1800–1823

Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
Sweden
1792–1809

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria
1804–1835

Akbar Shah II
Mughal Empire
1806–1837

Gustav III of Sweden
Sweden
1771–1792

Mahmud II
Ottoman Empire
1808–1839

Joseph Bonaparte
Spain
1808–1813

Tokugawa Ieharu
Japan (Shogunate)
1760–1786

Louis XVII of France
France
1793–1795

Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spain
1808–1808; 1814–1833

Charles XIII of Sweden
Sweden
1809–1818

Emperor Go-Momozono
Japan
1771–1779
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.

Recommended read
A. R. Disney
Maria I's long reign, Brazil, mental illness, and the court's flight before Napoleon's invasion.
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