Imperial Spain, 1469–1716
J. H. Elliott
Elliott's framework extended, Ferdinand VII and the crisis of the Spanish empire.
Ferdinand VII of Spain
- Life
- 1784–1833
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Francis I of Austria
Austria
1814–1833
Frederick William III of Prussia
Prussia
1814–1833
William I of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1815–1833
Louis XVIII of France
France
1815–1824
Alexander I of Russia
Russia
1814–1825
Nicholas I of Russia
Russia
1825–1833
Mahmud II
Ottoman Empire
1814–1833
Akbar Shah II
Mughal Empire
1814–1833
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria
1814–1833
Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1814–1833
Emperor Ninkō
Japan
1817–1833
Daoguang Emperor
China
1820–1833
Charles XIV John of Sweden
Sweden
1818–1833
Maria II of Portugal
Portugal
1826–1828
George IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1820–1830
John VI of Portugal
Portugal
1816–1826
Pope Pius VII
Papacy
1814–1823
Charles X of France
France
1824–1830
Jiaqing Emperor
China
1814–1820
William IV of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1830–1833
Miguel I of Portugal
Portugal
1828–1833
Pope Leo XII
Papacy
1823–1829
Emperor Kōkaku
Japan
1814–1817
Pope Gregory XVI
Papacy
1831–1833
Charles XIII of Sweden
Sweden
1814–1818
Maria I of Portugal
Portugal
1814–1816
Pope Pius VIII
Papacy
1829–1830
Meanwhile in history
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Ferdinand VII of Spain's life and times.
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