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Imperial Spain, 1469–1716
J. H. Elliott
Elliott's classic on the rise of the Spanish monarchy and its global empire.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Francis I of Austria
Austria
1804–1835
Alexander I of Russia
Russia
1801–1825
Frederick William III of Prussia
Prussia
1797–1840
Napoleon I
France
1799–1804; 1804–1814; 1815–1815
Akbar Shah II
Mughal Empire
1806–1837
Jiaqing Emperor
China
1796–1820
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria
1804–1835
Mahmud II
Ottoman Empire
1808–1839
Emperor Kōkaku
Japan
1779–1817
Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1787–1837
Maria I of Portugal
Portugal
1777–1816
Pope Pius VII
Papacy
1800–1823
Charles XIII of Sweden
Sweden
1809–1818
Mustafa IV
Ottoman Empire
1807–1808
Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
Sweden
1792–1809
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Go deeper on Joseph Bonaparte
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.
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