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The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Frederick William III of Prussia
Prussia
1797–1840
Francis I of Austria
Austria
1804–1835
Alexander I of Russia
Russia
1801–1825
Louis XVIII of France
France
1814–1815; 1815–1824
Selim III
Ottoman Empire
1789–1807
Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1787–1837
George III of Great Britain
Great Britain
1760–1801
Paul I of Russia
Russia
1796–1801
Emperor Kōkaku
Japan
1779–1817
Pope Pius VII
Papacy
1800–1823
Maria I of Portugal
Portugal
1777–1816
William I of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1815–1840
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria
1804–1835
Frederick William II of Prussia
Prussia
1786–1797
Akbar Shah II
Mughal Empire
1806–1837
Charles IV of Spain
Spain
1788–1808; 1808–1808
Mahmud II
Ottoman Empire
1808–1839
Napoleon I
France
1799–1804; 1804–1814; 1815–1815
Shah Alam II
Mughal Empire
1760–1788; 1788–1806
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1792–1806
Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
Sweden
1792–1809
Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spain
1808–1808; 1814–1833
Joseph Bonaparte
Spain
1808–1813
Charles XIII of Sweden
Sweden
1809–1818
John VI of Portugal
Portugal
1816–1826
Mustafa IV
Ottoman Empire
1807–1808
Emperor Ninkō
Japan
1817–1846
Pope Pius VI
Papacy
1775–1799
Charles XIV John of Sweden
Sweden
1818–1844
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Go deeper on Jiaqing Emperor
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.
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