The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Isabella II of Spain
Spain
1844–1859
Frederick William IV of Prussia
Prussia
1844–1859
Nicholas I of Russia
Russia
1844–1855
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Austria
1848–1859
William III of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1849–1859
Maria II of Portugal
Portugal
1844–1853
Victoria
Great Britain
1844–1859
Abdülmecid I
Ottoman Empire
1844–1859
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Mughal Empire
1844–1857
Alexander II of Russia
Russia
1855–1859
Ferdinand I of Austria
Austria
1844–1848
William II of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1844–1849
Emperor Kōmei
Japan
1846–1859
Pope Pius IX
Papacy
1846–1859
Xianfeng Emperor
China
1850–1859
Hong Xiuquan
China
1851–1859
Napoleon III
France
1852–1859
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Japan (Shogunate)
1844–1853
Daoguang Emperor
China
1844–1850
Pedro V of Portugal
Portugal
1853–1859
Tokugawa Iesada
Japan (Shogunate)
1853–1858
Emperor Ninkō
Japan
1844–1846
Pope Gregory XVI
Papacy
1844–1846
Tokugawa Iemochi
Japan (Shogunate)
1858–1859
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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