A History of Scandinavia
T. K. Derry
Charles XI, absolutism, reduktion, and Sweden's great-power institutions.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1660–1697
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1660–1697
Kangxi Emperor
China
1661–1697
Charles II of Spain
Spain
1665–1697
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1660–1687
Charles II of England
England
1660–1685
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1660–1697
Charles II of England
Scotland
1660–1685
Emperor Reigen
Japan
1663–1687
Afonso VI of Portugal
Portugal
1660–1683
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1660–1680
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Japan (Shogunate)
1680–1697
Peter II of Portugal
Portugal
1683–1697
William III of England
England
1689–1697
Pope Innocent XI
Papacy
1676–1689
Mary II of England
England
1689–1694
Emperor Higashiyama
Japan
1687–1697
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1660–1665
James II of England
England
1685–1688
Suleiman II
Ottoman Empire
1687–1691
Ahmed II
Ottoman Empire
1691–1695
Mary II of England
Scotland
1689–1694
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1660–1667
Mustafa II
Ottoman Empire
1695–1697
Pope Clement X
Papacy
1670–1676
Pope Innocent XII
Papacy
1691–1697
James II of England
Scotland
1685–1688
William III of England
Scotland
1694–1697
Emperor Go-Sai
Japan
1660–1663
Pope Clement IX
Papacy
1667–1669
Yongli Emperor
China
1660–1662
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Charles XI of Sweden's life and times.
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