Recommended read
A History of Scandinavia
T. K. Derry
Charles XI, absolutism, reduktion, and Sweden's great-power institutions.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1643–1715
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1658–1707
Kangxi Emperor
China
1661–1722
Charles II of Spain
Spain
1665–1700
Mehmed IV
Ottoman Empire
1648–1687
Charles II of England
England
1660–1685
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1658–1705
Charles II of England
Scotland
1660–1685
Emperor Reigen
Japan
1663–1687
Afonso VI of Portugal
Portugal
1656–1683
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Japan (Shogunate)
1651–1680
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Japan (Shogunate)
1680–1709
Peter II of Portugal
Portugal
1683–1706
William III of England
England
1689–1702
Pope Innocent XI
Papacy
1676–1689
Mary II of England
England
1689–1694
Emperor Higashiyama
Japan
1687–1709
Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1621–1665
James II of England
England
1685–1688
Suleiman II
Ottoman Empire
1687–1691
Ahmed II
Ottoman Empire
1691–1695
Mary II of England
Scotland
1689–1694
Pope Alexander VII
Papacy
1655–1667
Mustafa II
Ottoman Empire
1695–1703
Pope Clement X
Papacy
1670–1676
Pope Innocent XII
Papacy
1691–1700
James II of England
Scotland
1685–1688
William III of England
Scotland
1694–1702
Emperor Go-Sai
Japan
1655–1663
Pope Clement IX
Papacy
1667–1669
Yongli Emperor
China
1646–1662
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Go deeper on Charles XI of Sweden
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.
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