Scotland: A History
Jenny Wormald
The standard one-volume history of Scotland, essential context for the early kingdom and its kings.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Louis XIV of France
France
1689–1694
Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire
1689–1694
Kangxi Emperor
China
1689–1694
Charles II of Spain
Spain
1689–1694
William III of England
England
1689–1694
Mary II of England
England
1689–1694
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1689–1694
Emperor Higashiyama
Japan
1689–1694
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Japan (Shogunate)
1689–1694
Peter II of Portugal
Portugal
1689–1694
Charles XI of Sweden
Sweden
1689–1694
Ahmed II
Ottoman Empire
1691–1694
Pope Innocent XII
Papacy
1691–1694
Suleiman II
Ottoman Empire
1689–1691
Pope Alexander VIII
Papacy
1689–1691
Pope Innocent XI
Papacy
1689–1689
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Mary II of England's life and times.
Medieval Scotland: The Making of an Identity
Bruce Webster
A concise survey of medieval Scotland that situates Mary II of England within church, lordship, and crown.
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