
Recommended read
Imperial Spain, 1469–1716
J. H. Elliott
Elliott's classic on the rise of the Spanish monarchy and its global empire.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Charles VII of France
France
1422–1461

Henry VI of England
England
1422–1461; 1470–1471

Murad II
Ottoman Empire
1421–1444; 1446–1451

Afonso V of Portugal
Portugal
1438–1481

John I of Portugal
Portugal
1385–1433

Mehmed II
Ottoman Empire
1444–1446; 1451–1481

Henry V of England
England
1413–1422

Ashikaga Yoshinori
Japan (Shogunate)
1429–1441

Mehmed I
Ottoman Empire
1413–1421

Pope Nicholas V
Papacy
1447–1455

Ashikaga Yoshimochi
Japan (Shogunate)
1395–1423

Emperor Go-Hanazono
Japan
1428–1464

Edward, King of Portugal
Portugal
1433–1438
Ashikaga Yoshikazu
Japan (Shogunate)
1423–1425

John VIII Palaiologos
Rome
1425–1448

James II of Scotland
Scotland
1437–1460

James I of Scotland
Scotland
1406–1437

Emperor Yingzong of Ming
China
1435–1449; 1457–1464

Pope Eugene IV
Papacy
1431–1447

Erik of Pomerania
Sweden
1396–1434; 1435–1436; 1436–1439

Xuande Emperor
China
1425–1435

Charles VI of France
France
1380–1422

Yongle Emperor
China
1402–1424

Manuel II Palaiologos
Rome
1391–1425

Pope Martin V
Papacy
1417–1431

Emperor Shōkō
Japan
1412–1428

Jingtai Emperor
China
1449–1457

Ashikaga Yoshimasa
Japan (Shogunate)
1449–1474

Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1452–1493

Constantine XI Palaiologos
Rome
1449–1453

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1433–1437

Karl Knutsson
Sweden
1448–1457; 1464–1465

Christopher of Bavaria
Sweden
1441–1448

Pope Callixtus III
Papacy
1455–1458
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.

Recommended read
J. H. Elliott
Elliott's classic on the rise of the Spanish monarchy and its global empire.
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