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Imperial Spain, 1469–1716
J. H. Elliott
Elliott's classic on the rise of the Spanish monarchy and its global empire.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Mehmed II
Ottoman Empire
1444–1446; 1451–1481
Louis XI of France
France
1461–1483
Afonso V of Portugal
Portugal
1438–1481
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1452–1493
James III of Scotland
Scotland
1460–1488
Charles VII of France
France
1422–1461
Henry VI of England
England
1422–1461; 1470–1471
Chenghua Emperor
China
1464–1487
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
Japan (Shogunate)
1449–1474
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
Japan
1464–1500
Edward IV of England
England
1461–1470; 1471–1483
Emperor Yingzong of Ming
China
1435–1449; 1457–1464
Pope Sixtus IV
Papacy
1471–1484
Pope Paul II
Papacy
1464–1471
Emperor Go-Hanazono
Japan
1428–1464
Pope Pius II
Papacy
1458–1464
Ashikaga Yoshihisa
Japan (Shogunate)
1474–1489
Christian I of Denmark
Sweden
1457–1464
James II of Scotland
Scotland
1437–1460
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Go deeper on John II of Aragon
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.
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