The Ottoman Centuries
Patrick Kinross
Kinross on the dynasty's rise, Murad II's long reign prepared the ground for Mehmed's conquest.
Murad II
- Life
- 1404–1451
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Charles VII of France
France
1422–1444
Henry VI of England
England
1422–1444
John I of Portugal
Portugal
1421–1433
Ashikaga Yoshinori
Japan (Shogunate)
1429–1441
Alfonso V of Aragon
Spain
1421–1444
John VIII Palaiologos
Rome
1425–1444
Afonso V of Portugal
Portugal
1438–1444
Edward, King of Portugal
Portugal
1433–1438
Pope Nicholas V
Papacy
1447–1451
Ashikaga Yoshikazu
Japan (Shogunate)
1423–1425
Ashikaga Yoshimochi
Japan (Shogunate)
1421–1423
James I of Scotland
Scotland
1421–1437
Emperor Go-Hanazono
Japan
1428–1444
Pope Eugene IV
Papacy
1431–1444
Xuande Emperor
China
1425–1435
Emperor Yingzong of Ming
China
1435–1444
Erik of Pomerania
Sweden
1421–1434
Pope Martin V
Papacy
1421–1431
James II of Scotland
Scotland
1437–1444
Emperor Shōkō
Japan
1421–1428
Manuel II Palaiologos
Rome
1421–1425
Yongle Emperor
China
1421–1424
Charles VI of France
France
1421–1422
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1433–1437
Constantine XI Palaiologos
Rome
1449–1451
Jingtai Emperor
China
1449–1451
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
Japan (Shogunate)
1449–1451
Christopher of Bavaria
Sweden
1441–1444
Karl Knutsson
Sweden
1448–1451
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Murad II's life and times.
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