
Recommended read
Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
Roger Crowley
Crowley on the age of exploration and the Portuguese kings who built the first oceanic empire.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Charles VII of France
France
1422–1461

Henry VI of England
England
1422–1461; 1470–1471

Murad II
Ottoman Empire
1421–1444; 1446–1451

Ashikaga Yoshinori
Japan (Shogunate)
1429–1441

Alfonso V of Aragon
Spain
1416–1458

John VIII Palaiologos
Rome
1425–1448

Emperor Go-Hanazono
Japan
1428–1464

Pope Eugene IV
Papacy
1431–1447

Emperor Yingzong of Ming
China
1435–1449; 1457–1464

James I of Scotland
Scotland
1406–1437

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1433–1437

Xuande Emperor
China
1425–1435

Erik of Pomerania
Sweden
1396–1434; 1435–1436; 1436–1439

James II of Scotland
Scotland
1437–1460
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.

Recommended read
Roger Crowley
Crowley on the age of exploration and the Portuguese kings who built the first oceanic empire.
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