
The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600
Halil İnalcık
İnalcık on Mehmed I's restoration of the state after the interregnum.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Henry V of England
England
1413–1421

Ashikaga Yoshimochi
Japan (Shogunate)
1413–1421

John I of Portugal
Portugal
1413–1421

Charles VI of France
France
1413–1421

Yongle Emperor
China
1413–1421

Manuel II Palaiologos
Rome
1413–1421

James I of Scotland
Scotland
1413–1421

Emperor Shōkō
Japan
1413–1421

Erik of Pomerania
Sweden
1413–1421

Alfonso V of Aragon
Spain
1416–1421

Ferdinand I of Aragon
Spain
1413–1416

Pope Martin V
Papacy
1417–1421

Pope Gregory XII
Papacy
1413–1415

Anna of Moscow
Rome
1416–1417
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Mehmed I's life and times.

Halil İnalcık
İnalcık on Mehmed I's restoration of the state after the interregnum.
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