The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Anund Jacob
Sweden
1022–1050
Cnut the Great
England
1022–1035
Conrad II
Holy Roman Empire
1027–1039
Henry III
Holy Roman Empire
1046–1056
Henry I of France
France
1031–1060
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1022–1024
Edward the Confessor
England
1042–1063
Emperor Xingzong of Liao
China
1031–1055
Emperor Go-Reizei
Japan
1045–1063
Macbeth, King of Scotland
Scotland
1040–1057
Theodora Porphyrogenita
Rome
1042–1056
Zoe Porphyrogenita
Rome
1042–1055
Constantine IX Monomachos
Rome
1042–1055
Robert II of France
France
1022–1031
Emperor Go-Ichijō
Japan
1022–1036
Malcolm II of Scotland
Scotland
1022–1034
Macbeth
Scotland
1040–1057
Pope Benedict IX
Papacy
1032–1044
Michael IV the Paphlagonian
Rome
1034–1041
Philip I of France
France
1060–1063
Emperor Go-Suzaku
Japan
1036–1045
Romanos III Argyros
Rome
1028–1034
Harold Harefoot
England
1037–1040
Pope John XIX
Papacy
1024–1032
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
China
1022–1031
Harthacnut
England
1040–1042
Duncan I of Scotland
Scotland
1034–1040
Basil II
Rome
1022–1025
Constantine X Doukas
Rome
1059–1063
Konstantios Doukas
Rome
1060–1063
Malcolm III of Scotland
Scotland
1058–1063
Constantine VIII
Rome
1025–1028
Emperor Daozong of Liao
China
1055–1063
Isaac I Komnenos
Rome
1057–1059
Pope Leo IX
Papacy
1049–1054
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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