The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Henry III
Holy Roman Empire
1046–1056
Edward the Confessor
England
1045–1066
Emperor Renzong of Song
China
1045–1063
Sancho II of León and Castile
Spain
1065–1068
Henry I of France
France
1045–1060
William the Conqueror
England
1066–1068
Anund Jacob
Sweden
1045–1050
Theodora Porphyrogenita
Rome
1045–1056
Macbeth, King of Scotland
Scotland
1045–1057
Constantine IX Monomachos
Rome
1045–1055
Emperor Daozong of Liao
China
1055–1068
Zoe Porphyrogenita
Rome
1045–1055
Philip I of France
France
1060–1068
Malcolm III of Scotland
Scotland
1058–1068
Konstantios Doukas
Rome
1060–1068
Emperor Xingzong of Liao
China
1045–1055
Constantine X Doukas
Rome
1059–1067
Macbeth
Scotland
1045–1057
Emperor Yingzong of Song
China
1063–1067
Pope Alexander II
Papacy
1061–1068
Emund the Old
Sweden
1050–1060
Pope Leo IX
Papacy
1049–1054
Isaac I Komnenos
Rome
1057–1059
Stenkil
Sweden
1060–1066
Emperor Shenzong of Song
China
1067–1068
Pope Nicholas II
Papacy
1059–1061
Pope Victor II
Papacy
1055–1057
Pope Gregory VI
Papacy
1045–1047
Halsten Stenkilsson
Sweden
1067–1068
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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