The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Anund Jacob
Sweden
1036–1045
Henry I of France
France
1036–1045
Emperor Renzong of Song
China
1036–1045
Conrad II
Holy Roman Empire
1036–1039
Emperor Xingzong of Liao
China
1036–1045
Pope Benedict IX
Papacy
1036–1044
Michael IV the Paphlagonian
Rome
1036–1041
Macbeth, King of Scotland
Scotland
1040–1045
Harold Harefoot
England
1037–1040
Edward the Confessor
England
1042–1045
Macbeth
Scotland
1040–1045
Zoe Porphyrogenita
Rome
1042–1045
Duncan I of Scotland
Scotland
1036–1040
Theodora Porphyrogenita
Rome
1042–1045
Constantine IX Monomachos
Rome
1042–1045
Harthacnut
England
1040–1042
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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