The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Anund Jacob
Sweden
1031–1050
Emperor Renzong of Song
China
1031–1060
Henry III
Holy Roman Empire
1046–1056
Conrad II
Holy Roman Empire
1031–1039
Cnut the Great
England
1031–1035
Emperor Xingzong of Liao
China
1031–1055
Edward the Confessor
England
1042–1060
Macbeth, King of Scotland
Scotland
1040–1057
Theodora Porphyrogenita
Rome
1042–1056
Emperor Go-Reizei
Japan
1045–1060
Zoe Porphyrogenita
Rome
1042–1055
Constantine IX Monomachos
Rome
1042–1055
Macbeth
Scotland
1040–1057
Pope Benedict IX
Papacy
1032–1044
Michael IV the Paphlagonian
Rome
1034–1041
Emperor Go-Suzaku
Japan
1036–1045
Harold Harefoot
England
1037–1040
Duncan I of Scotland
Scotland
1034–1040
Harthacnut
England
1040–1042
Emperor Go-Ichijō
Japan
1031–1036
Romanos III Argyros
Rome
1031–1034
Isaac I Komnenos
Rome
1057–1059
Pope Leo IX
Papacy
1049–1054
Emperor Daozong of Liao
China
1055–1060
Malcolm III of Scotland
Scotland
1058–1060
Emund the Old
Sweden
1050–1060
Malcolm II of Scotland
Scotland
1031–1034
Pope Victor II
Papacy
1055–1057
Pope Gregory VI
Papacy
1045–1047
Pope Nicholas II
Papacy
1059–1060
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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