
Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106
I. S. Robinson
Robinson's standard on the Salian emperors, Henry II's dynasty and the road to Investiture.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Cnut the Great
England
1016–1024

Olof Skötkonung
Sweden
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Robert II of France
France
1014–1024

Basil II
Rome
1014–1024

Malcolm II of Scotland
Scotland
1014–1024
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
China
1014–1024

Pope Benedict VIII
Papacy
1014–1024

Emperor Zhenzong of Song
China
1014–1022

Emperor Go-Ichijō
Japan
1016–1024

Anund Jacob
Sweden
1022–1024

Æthelred the Unready
England
1014–1016

Emperor Renzong of Song
China
1022–1024

Edmund II of England
England
1016–1016

Emperor Sanjō
Japan
1014–1016
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor's life and times.

I. S. Robinson
Robinson's standard on the Salian emperors, Henry II's dynasty and the road to Investiture.
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