
The Holy Roman Empire
Peter H. Wilson
Wilson on Conrad II's restoration of imperial authority in the eleventh century.
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Anund Jacob
Sweden
1027–1039

Cnut the Great
England
1027–1035

Emperor Renzong of Song
China
1027–1039

Henry I of France
France
1031–1039

Emperor Go-Ichijō
Japan
1027–1036
Emperor Xingzong of Liao
China
1031–1039

Malcolm II of Scotland
Scotland
1027–1034

Pope Benedict IX
Papacy
1032–1039

Romanos III Argyros
Rome
1028–1034

Robert II of France
France
1027–1031

Michael IV the Paphlagonian
Rome
1034–1039

Duncan I of Scotland
Scotland
1034–1039

Pope John XIX
Papacy
1027–1032
Harold Harefoot
England
1037–1039
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
China
1027–1031

Emperor Go-Suzaku
Japan
1036–1039

Constantine VIII
Rome
1027–1028
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Conrad II's life and times.

Peter H. Wilson
Wilson on Conrad II's restoration of imperial authority in the eleventh century.
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