
Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
Caroline Finkel
Mustafa I's twice-deposed reign epitomises the instability of the Ottoman 'Sultanate of Women' era.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

James VI and I
England
1622–1623

Jahangir I
Mughal Empire
1622–1623

Louis XIII of France
France
1622–1623

Tianqi Emperor
China
1622–1623

Philip IV of Spain
Spain
1622–1623

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1622–1623

James VI and I
Scotland
1622–1623

Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Japan
1622–1623

Philip IV of Spain
Portugal
1622–1623

Tokugawa Hidetada
Japan (Shogunate)
1622–1623

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Sweden
1622–1623

Pope Gregory XV
Papacy
1622–1623

Tokugawa Iemitsu
Japan (Shogunate)
1623–1623

Wanli Emperor
China
1617–1618

Philip III of Spain
Spain
1617–1618

Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1617–1618

Philip III of Spain
Portugal
1617–1618

Pope Paul V
Papacy
1617–1618

Pope Urban VIII
Papacy
1623–1623
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Mustafa I's life and times.

Caroline Finkel
Mustafa I's twice-deposed reign epitomises the instability of the Ottoman 'Sultanate of Women' era.
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