Explore who held power in each world throne this year.

England
Charles I of England
all year
Western Europe

Scotland
Charles I of England
all year
Western Europe

France
Louis XIII of France
all year
Western Europe

Spain
Philip IV of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Portugal
Philip IV of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
until 6 Nov
Northern Europe

Holy Roman Empire
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
all year
Central Europe

Papacy
Pope Urban VIII
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Murad IV
all year
Eastern Mediterranean

Mughal Empire
Shah Jahan
all year
South Asia
China
Chongzhen Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Empress Meishō
all year
East Asia

Japan (Shogunate)
Tokugawa Iemitsu
all year
East Asia