Explore who held power in each world throne this year.

England
James VI and I
all year
Western Europe

Scotland
James VI and I
all year
Western Europe

France
Louis XIII of France
all year
Western Europe

Spain
Philip III of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Portugal
Philip III of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Charles IX of Sweden
until 30 Oct
Northern Europe

Holy Roman Empire
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
all year
Central Europe

Papacy
Pope Paul V
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Ahmed I
all year
Eastern Mediterranean

Mughal Empire
Jahangir I
all year
South Asia

China
Wanli Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
from 9 May
East Asia

Japan (Shogunate)
Tokugawa Hidetada
all year
East Asia