Ferdinand and Isabella
Melveena McKendrick
The partnership that united Spain, essential context for Ferdinand II's reign with Isabella.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Bayezid II
Ottoman Empire
1481–1512
Henry VII of England
England
1485–1509
Henry VIII of England
England
1509–1516
Louis XI of France
France
1479–1483
Selim I
Ottoman Empire
1512–1516
Richard III of England
England
1483–1485
Mehmed II
Ottoman Empire
1479–1481
James IV of Scotland
Scotland
1488–1513
Afonso V of Portugal
Portugal
1479–1481
Louis XII of France
France
1498–1515
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
Japan
1479–1500
Hongzhi Emperor
China
1487–1505
Charles VIII of France
France
1483–1498
Manuel I of Portugal
Portugal
1495–1516
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1479–1493
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara
Japan
1500–1516
Zhengde Emperor
China
1505–1516
John II of Portugal
Portugal
1481–1495
Chenghua Emperor
China
1479–1487
Ashikaga Yoshizumi
Japan (Shogunate)
1495–1508
Pope Alexander VI
Papacy
1492–1503
James III of Scotland
Scotland
1479–1488
Maximilian I
Holy Roman Empire
1508–1516
Ashikaga Yoshihisa
Japan (Shogunate)
1479–1489
Edward IV of England
England
1479–1483
Pope Julius II
Papacy
1503–1513
Ashikaga Yoshitane
Japan (Shogunate)
1508–1516
Pope Innocent VIII
Papacy
1484–1492
Pope Sixtus IV
Papacy
1479–1484
James V of Scotland
Scotland
1513–1516
Pope Leo X
Papacy
1513–1516
Hans, King of Denmark
Sweden
1497–1501
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Ferdinand II of Aragon's life and times.
Ferdinand and Isabella
J. H. Elliott
The Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II and the union that reshaped early modern Europe.
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