Explore who held power in each world throne this year.

England
Edward IV of England
all year
Western Europe

Scotland
James III of Scotland
all year
Western Europe

France
Louis XI of France
all year
Western Europe

Spain
Ferdinand II of Aragon
from 29 Jan
Western Europe

Portugal
Afonso V of Portugal
all year
Western Europe

Holy Roman Empire
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
all year
Central Europe

Papacy
Pope Sixtus IV
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Mehmed II
all year
Eastern Mediterranean

China
Chenghua Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
all year
East Asia

Japan (Shogunate)
Ashikaga Yoshihisa
all year
East Asia