
A History of Medieval Spain
Joseph F. O'Callaghan
O'Callaghan on the fractured Christian kingdoms before Castile and León united.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

William the Conqueror
England
1066–1072

Philip I of France
France
1065–1072

Konstantios Doukas
Rome
1065–1072

Malcolm III of Scotland
Scotland
1065–1072

Pope Alexander II
Papacy
1065–1072
Emperor Daozong of Liao
China
1065–1072

Emperor Shenzong of Song
China
1067–1072

Harold Godwinson
England
1066–1066

Michael VII Doukas
Rome
1067–1072

Emperor Go-Sanjō
Japan
1068–1072

Romanos IV Diogenes
Rome
1068–1071

Emperor Go-Reizei
Japan
1065–1068

Constantine X Doukas
Rome
1065–1067

Emperor Yingzong of Song
China
1065–1067

Andronikos Doukas
Rome
1068–1070

Edward the Confessor
England
1065–1066
Halsten Stenkilsson
Sweden
1067–1070
Eric the Pagan
Sweden
1066–1067
Eric Stenkilsson
Sweden
1066–1067
Anund Gårdske
Sweden
1070–1072

Stenkil
Sweden
1065–1066
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Sancho II of León and Castile's life and times.

Joseph F. O'Callaghan
O'Callaghan on the fractured Christian kingdoms before Castile and León united.
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