
Recommended read
A History of Medieval Spain
Joseph F. O'Callaghan
O'Callaghan on the fractured Christian kingdoms before Castile and León united.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

William the Conqueror
England
1066–1087

Philip I of France
France
1060–1108

Konstantios Doukas
Rome
1060–1078

Malcolm III of Scotland
Scotland
1058–1093

Pope Alexander II
Papacy
1061–1073
Emperor Daozong of Liao
China
1055–1101

Emperor Shenzong of Song
China
1067–1085

Harold Godwinson
England
1066–1066

Michael VII Doukas
Rome
1067–1078

Emperor Go-Sanjō
Japan
1068–1073

Romanos IV Diogenes
Rome
1068–1071

Emperor Go-Reizei
Japan
1045–1068

Constantine X Doukas
Rome
1059–1067

Emperor Yingzong of Song
China
1063–1067

Andronikos Doukas
Rome
1068–1070

Edward the Confessor
England
1042–1066
Halsten Stenkilsson
Sweden
1067–1070
Eric the Pagan
Sweden
1066–1067
Eric Stenkilsson
Sweden
1066–1067
Anund Gårdske
Sweden
1070–1075

Stenkil
Sweden
1060–1066
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.

Recommended read
Joseph F. O'Callaghan
O'Callaghan on the fractured Christian kingdoms before Castile and León united.
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