
A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire
A. R. Disney
Sancho II the Pious, civil war and exile before his brother Afonso III took the throne.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

James I of Aragon
Spain
1223–1247

Kujō Yoritsune
Japan (Shogunate)
1226–1244

Henry III of England
England
1223–1247

Erik Eriksson
Sweden
1234–1247

John III Doukas Vatatzes
Rome
1223–1247

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1223–1247

Emperor Lizong of Song
China
1224–1247
Alexander II of Scotland
Scotland
1223–1247

Louis IX of France
France
1226–1247

Ferdinand III of Castille
Spain
1223–1230

Pope Gregory IX
Papacy
1227–1241

Emperor Go-Horikawa
Japan
1223–1232

Emperor Shijō
Japan
1232–1242
Emperor Aizong of Jin
China
1224–1234

Louis VIII of France
France
1223–1226

Emperor Ningzong of Song
China
1223–1224

Emperor Go-Saga
Japan
1242–1246

Pope Innocent IV
Papacy
1243–1247

Pope Honorius III
Papacy
1223–1227

Knut Långe
Sweden
1229–1234

Emperor Go-Fukakusa
Japan
1246–1247
Kujō Yoritsugu
Japan (Shogunate)
1244–1247
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Sancho II of Portugal's life and times.

A. R. Disney
Sancho II the Pious, civil war and exile before his brother Afonso III took the throne.
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