The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
James I of Aragon
Spain
1232–1242
Kujō Yoritsune
Japan (Shogunate)
1232–1242
Sancho II of Portugal
Portugal
1232–1242
Erik Eriksson
Sweden
1234–1242
Louis IX of France
France
1232–1242
Henry III of England
England
1232–1242
Emperor Lizong of Song
China
1232–1242
John III Doukas Vatatzes
Rome
1232–1242
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1232–1242
Alexander II of Scotland
Scotland
1232–1242
Pope Gregory IX
Papacy
1232–1241
Emperor Aizong of Jin
China
1232–1234
Knut Långe
Sweden
1232–1234
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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