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Portrait of Philip II of Spain

Philip II of Spain

Reign: 1556 – 1598
Life: 1527–1598

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The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

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Further Reading

Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Philip II of Spain's life and times.

Cover of Philip of Spain

Philip of Spain

Henry Kamen

Kamen's revisionist biography of the most powerful ruler of the sixteenth-century world.

Cover of The Spanish Armada

The Spanish Armada

Colin Martin & Geoffrey Parker

The defining crisis of Philip's reign, meticulously researched military and political history.

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