
Recommended read
Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire
Jason Goodwin
Murad III's long reign, Ottoman power at its height before the wars of the 1600s.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Elizabeth I of England
England
1558–1603

Akbar
Mughal Empire
1556–1605

John III of Sweden
Sweden
1568–1592

Wanli Emperor
China
1572–1620

Philip II of Spain
Spain
1556–1598

Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1576–1612

Henry III of France
France
1574–1589

Philip II of Spain
Portugal
1580–1598

Ashikaga Yoshiaki
Japan (Shogunate)
1568–1588

Emperor Ōgimachi
Japan
1557–1586

Pope Gregory XIII
Papacy
1572–1585

Henry IV of France
France
1589–1610

James VI and I
Scotland
1587–1625

Emperor Go-Yōzei
Japan
1586–1611

Pope Sixtus V
Papacy
1585–1590

Sebastian, King of Portugal
Portugal
1557–1578

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1564–1576

Pope Clement VIII
Papacy
1592–1605

Henry, King of Portugal
Portugal
1578–1580

Sigismund III Vasa
Sweden
1592–1599
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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From the library
Hand-picked histories and biographies for readers who want more than the timeline: the same era, told in full.

Recommended read
Jason Goodwin
Murad III's long reign, Ottoman power at its height before the wars of the 1600s.

Caroline Finkel
A modern narrative history of the sultans and the empire they ruled for six centuries.
Find on Amazon
Jason Goodwin
A lyrical, readable introduction to Ottoman court life, conquest, and decline.
Find on AmazonSome book links on this site point to Amazon. As an Amazon Associate, WhoWasRuling.com may earn from qualifying purchases.