Explore who held power in each world throne this year.

England
James VI and I
all year
Western Europe

Scotland
James VI and I
all year
Western Europe

France
Louis XIII of France
all year
Western Europe

Spain
Philip IV of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Portugal
Philip IV of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
all year
Northern Europe

Holy Roman Empire
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
all year
Central Europe

Papacy
Pope Gregory XV
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Mustafa I
from 20 May
Eastern Mediterranean

Mughal Empire
Jahangir I
all year
South Asia

China
Tianqi Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
all year
East Asia

Japan (Shogunate)
Tokugawa Hidetada
all year
East Asia