The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Alexander II of Russia
Russia
1859–1872
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Austria
1859–1872
William III of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1859–1872
Wilhelm I
Prussia
1861–1872
Isabella II of Spain
Spain
1859–1868
Victoria
Great Britain
1859–1872
Emperor Meiji
Japan
1867–1872
Napoleon III
France
1859–1870
Pope Pius IX
Papacy
1859–1872
Abdulaziz
Ottoman Empire
1861–1872
Tongzhi Emperor
China
1861–1872
Luís I of Portugal
Portugal
1861–1872
Frederick William IV of Prussia
Prussia
1859–1861
Emperor Kōmei
Japan
1859–1867
Hong Xiuquan
China
1859–1864
Tokugawa Iemochi
Japan (Shogunate)
1859–1866
Xianfeng Emperor
China
1859–1861
Abdülmecid I
Ottoman Empire
1859–1861
Amadeo I of Spain
Spain
1870–1872
Pedro V of Portugal
Portugal
1859–1861
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Japan (Shogunate)
1866–1868
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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