
The Quest for El Cid
Richard Fletcher
Alfonso VI's reign, Toledo, the Cid, and the politics of the eleventh-century Reconquista.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Alexios I Komnenos
Rome
1081–1109

Henry IV
Holy Roman Empire
1084–1106

Blot-Sweyn
Sweden
1084–1109

William the Conqueror
England
1072–1087

Philip I of France
France
1072–1108
Emperor Daozong of Liao
China
1072–1101

Inge the Younger
Sweden
1105–1109

Malcolm III of Scotland
Scotland
1072–1093

Emperor Horikawa
Japan
1087–1107

Emperor Zhezong of Song
China
1085–1100

William II of England
England
1087–1100

Emperor Shenzong of Song
China
1072–1085

Emperor Shirakawa
Japan
1073–1087

Henry I of England
England
1100–1109

Emperor Huizong of Song
China
1100–1109

Pope Gregory VII
Papacy
1073–1085

Pope Urban II
Papacy
1088–1099

Edgar, King of Scotland
Scotland
1097–1107

Pope Paschal II
Papacy
1099–1109

Michael VII Doukas
Rome
1072–1078

Konstantios Doukas
Rome
1072–1078
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao
China
1101–1109

Nikephoros III Botaneiates
Rome
1078–1081
Alexander I of Scotland
Scotland
1107–1109

Donald III of Scotland
Scotland
1094–1097

Emperor Toba
Japan
1107–1109

Philip of Sweden
Sweden
1105–1109
Edmund of Scotland
Scotland
1094–1097
Anund Gårdske
Sweden
1072–1075
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Alfonso VI of León and Castile's life and times.

Richard Fletcher
Alfonso VI's reign, Toledo, the Cid, and the politics of the eleventh-century Reconquista.
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