The Last Mughal
William Dalrymple
Muhammad Shah's long reign saw Nader Shah's sack of Delhi, prelude to the dynasty's end.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Frederick William I of Prussia
Prussia
1719–1740
Louis XV of France
France
1719–1748
Anna I of Russia
Russia
1730–1740
John V of Portugal
Portugal
1719–1748
Elizabeth I of Russia
Russia
1741–1748
Frederick I of Sweden
Sweden
1720–1748
Frederick II of Prussia
Prussia
1740–1748
Tokugawa Yoshimune
Japan (Shogunate)
1719–1745
Philip V of Spain
Spain
1724–1746
George II of Great Britain
Great Britain
1727–1748
Kangxi Emperor
China
1719–1722
Peter the Great
Russia
1721–1725
Peter II of Russia
Russia
1727–1730
Catherine I of Russia
Russia
1725–1727
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1719–1740
Mahmud I
Ottoman Empire
1730–1748
Yongzheng Emperor
China
1722–1735
Qianlong Emperor
China
1735–1748
Emperor Nakamikado
Japan
1719–1735
Ahmed III
Ottoman Empire
1719–1730
Emperor Sakuramachi
Japan
1735–1747
George I of Great Britain
Great Britain
1719–1727
Pope Clement XII
Papacy
1730–1740
Pope Benedict XIV
Papacy
1740–1748
Pope Benedict XIII
Papacy
1724–1730
Ferdinand VI of Spain
Spain
1746–1748
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1742–1745
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1745–1748
Tokugawa Ieshige
Japan (Shogunate)
1745–1748
Pope Innocent XIII
Papacy
1721–1724
Pope Clement XI
Papacy
1719–1721
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Muhammad Shah's life and times.
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