
The Last Mughal
William Dalrymple
Ahmad Shah Bahadur and the accelerating fragmentation of Mughal India.

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

Elizabeth I of Russia
Russia
1748–1754

Frederick II of Prussia
Prussia
1748–1754

Louis XV of France
France
1748–1754

George II of Great Britain
Great Britain
1748–1754

Mahmud I
Ottoman Empire
1748–1754

Qianlong Emperor
China
1748–1754

Ferdinand VI of Spain
Spain
1748–1754

Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1748–1754

Emperor Momozono
Japan
1748–1754

Tokugawa Ieshige
Japan (Shogunate)
1748–1754

Pope Benedict XIV
Papacy
1748–1754

Joseph I of Portugal
Portugal
1750–1754

Adolf Fredrik of Sweden
Sweden
1751–1754

Frederick I of Sweden
Sweden
1748–1751

John V of Portugal
Portugal
1748–1750
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Ahmad Shah Bahadur's life and times.

William Dalrymple
Ahmad Shah Bahadur and the accelerating fragmentation of Mughal India.
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