The Last Mughal
William Dalrymple
Alamgir II's murder and the rise of the Afsharid threat, empire as puppet show.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Elizabeth I of Russia
Russia
1754–1759
Frederick II of Prussia
Prussia
1754–1759
Louis XV of France
France
1754–1759
George II of Great Britain
Great Britain
1754–1759
Qianlong Emperor
China
1754–1759
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1754–1759
Ferdinand VI of Spain
Spain
1754–1759
Emperor Momozono
Japan
1754–1759
Tokugawa Ieshige
Japan (Shogunate)
1754–1759
Joseph I of Portugal
Portugal
1754–1759
Adolf Fredrik of Sweden
Sweden
1754–1759
Pope Benedict XIV
Papacy
1754–1758
Osman III
Ottoman Empire
1754–1757
Mustafa III
Ottoman Empire
1757–1759
Pope Clement XIII
Papacy
1758–1759
Mahmud I
Ottoman Empire
1754–1754
Charles III of Spain
Spain
1759–1759
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Alamgir II's life and times.
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